Kemalism refers to a series of sweeping reforms instituted by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, which included republicanism, populism, secularism, reformism, nationalism, and statism. Kemalist reforms had a direct impact on Turkish daily life (though with greater visibility in urban areas). For example, like Turkey’s patchwork of ethnic minorities, Ottoman Turkish was seen as a conglomeration of Turkish, Arabic, and Persian, was written in the Arabic script, and inherently linked to Turkey’s...
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